Współczesne perspektywy wykorzystania microRNA w terapii i diagnostyce glejaka wielopostaciowego
Słowa kluczowe:
glejak wielopostaciowy, miRNA, epigenetyka, diagnostyka, terapiaStreszczenie
Glejak wielopostaciowy [ICD-10:C71.9] zaliczany do guzów złośliwych mózgu IV stopnia, jest jednym z najgorzej rokujących nowotworów tego narządu, z medianą przeżycia na poziomie 12-18 miesięcy. Obecnie stosowanie metody terapeutyczne z wykorzystaniem leczenia operacyjnego, radioterapii czy chemioterapii, balansują na cienkiej granicy efektownego zniszczenia nowotworu przy minimalizacji jatrogennych błędów, mogących skutkować deficytami neurologicznymi. Problematyka postępowania dotyczy także samej diagnostyki, gdzie rozpoznanie guza na podstawie obrazu rezonansu magnetycznego nie pozwala na jego klasyfikację niezbędną do doboru odpowiedniej terapii, w związku z czym konieczne jest wykorzystanie inwazyjnych metod diagnostycznych. Stwarza to wyraźną potrzebę znalezienia nowych możliwości postępowania w glejaku wielopostaciowym, gdzie obiecującą perspektywę stwarzają cząsteczki miRNA. Są to jednoniciowe, małe, niekodujące cząsteczki RNA, odpowiedzialne za wyciszenie potranskrypcyjne ekspresji genów, regulujących m.in.: procesy replikacji komórkowej, apoptozy, angiogenezy czy naprawy DNA. W ostatnich latach udowodniono, że w komórkach glejaka wielopostaciowego dochodzi do zmian ekspresji i stężenia prawie 350 cząsteczek miRNA, co może świadczyć o ich kluczowym znaczeniu w epigenetycznych mechanizmach patogenezy tego nowotworu. Korelacja ich stężenia z nasileniem kancerogenezy, otwiera drogę do wykorzystania ich jako markerów nowotworowych i stworzenia nowych niekonwencjonalnych metod diagnostycznych. Ponadto możliwość inhibicji lub substytucji odpowiednich cząsteczek miRNA stanowi zupełnie nowe podejście terapeutyczne, dające obiecujące wyniki w próbach na modelach zwierzęcych. Jednakże nie zbadano jeszcze dokładnej sygnatury miRNA dla glejaka wielopostaciowego, wiele cząsteczek ma nieznane wielokierunkowe działanie a ich ilość w komórkach przekracza liczbę 3000, dlatego konieczne są dalsze badania pozwalające na dokładne określenie ich funkcji w komórce i znalezienie możliwych sposobów ich wykorzystania w praktyce klinicznej.
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Opublikowane
1 września 2023
Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Patryk Walocha, Martyna Szlenk, Michał Wilk, Maciej Smreczak, Julia Cieśla
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
